CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION

This chapter will explain the result of research between the spirituality values and core competencies that using SPSS program. This result based on the previous chapter research methodology, which describe about the reliability, validity, and the correlations between the variables. These results include the analysis to interpretation more clearly about the research result.

4.1. Respondent Characteristics

Table 4.1

Respondents Distribution Based Location

	Frequency	Percent
Indarung	30	0,25
Pauh	30	0,25
Pasar Raya	40	0,333
Jati	20	0,167
Total	120	100

Source: Primary data

One hundred twenty small business firms operating in Padang city is sample of this research. The amounts of sample are 120 small business firms that produce product or service. The research located on Padang city classified on four area: first, Indarung with 30 respondents, then Pauh with 30 respondents, Pasar Raya with 40 respondents, and Jati with 20 respondents, so the total respondent for this research are 120 respondents.

Table 4.2

Respondents Distribution Based the Position

	Frequency	Percent
Owners and the managers	99	0,83
Employees	21	0,17
Total	120	100

Source: Primary data

The respondents of this research are top-level managers or the middle level managers or the employees that works at the small business firms. Based the result employees are the most dominant respondent with 83 % the respondents are come from employees and about 17 % respondents are the small business firm’s owners and the managers.

Table 4.3

Respondents Distribution Based Age

	Frequency	Percent
< 26	54	0,45
26 – 35	32	0,27
36 – 45	19	0,16
45 >	15	0,13
Total	120	100

Source: Primary data

Base the age level, respondents classified as: less than 26 years old are 54 respondents (45%), between 26-35 years old are 32 respondents (27%), between 36-45 years old are 19 respondents (16%), and more than 46 years old are 15 respondents (13 %).

4.2. Hypothesis test and discussion

4.2.1.      Data result analysis 

4.2.1.1 Validity testing

Validity testing used to measure the instrument using on the research describe the research objective or measuring the validity of the questionnaires.  To analyses the validity testing we can compare the values that expressing values correlation on the questioners with total score, which comparing the r result with r table, where α = 5%. The assumption when comparing the r result and r table are: if r result > than r table the value assuming valid, and because the data is one way (positive) made the negative value in valid.

This research use factor analysis on analyzing the validity testing. Analysis factor analyze the correlation structure between a sums of variables using one dimension. If the correlation positive and the value greater than 0, 3 means it have strong construct or have strong validity construction.

Table 4.4

The validity testing result

Instrument		Question	r result	r table	Decision
Servicing		1.	0,322	0,3	Valid
		2	0,469	0,3	Valid
		3	0,372	0,3	Valid
		4	0,257	0,3	Invalid
		5	0,232	0,3	Invalid
Teaching		1.	0,501	0,3	Valid
		2	0,414	0,3	Valid
		3	0,495	0,3	Valid
		4	0,393	0,3	Valid
		5	0,314	0,3	Valid
leading		1.	0,434	0,3	Valid
		2	0,417	0,3	Valid
		3	0,323	0,3	Valid
		4	0,423	0,3	Valid
		5	0,522	0,3	Valid
enthusiasm		1.	0,368	0,3	Valid
		2	0,489	0,3	Valid
		3	0,528	0,3	Valid
		4	0,279	0,3	Invalid
		5	0,548	0,3	Valid
hope		1.	0,511	0,3	Valid
		2	0,522	0,3	Valid
		3	0,58	0,3	Valid
		4	0,551	0,3	Valid
		5	0,562	0,3	Valid
hospitality		1.	0,577	0,3	Valid
		2	0,611	0,3	Valid
		3	0,611	0,3	Valid
		4	0,184	0,3	Invalid
		5	0,327	0,3	Valid
core competencies	skilled work force	1.	0,544	0,3	Valid
		2	0,448	0,3	Valid
		3	0,552	0,3	Valid
		4	0,53	0,3	Valid
		5	0,475	0,3	Valid
		6	0,519	0,3	Valid
		7	0,521	0,3	Valid
	product efficiency	1.	0,445	0,3	Valid
		2	0,42	0,3	Valid
		3	0,53	0,3	Valid
		4	0,559	0,3	Valid
		5	0,557	0,3	Valid
		6	0,511	0,3	Valid
		7	0,608	0,3	Valid
		8	0,462	0,3	Valid
	new business development	1.	0,554	0,3	Valid
		2	0,554	0,3	Valid
		3	0,593	0,3	Valid
		4	0,556	0,3	Valid
		5	0,521	0,3	Valid
		6	0,431	0,3	Valid
		7	0,202	0,3	Invalid

Source: Primary data

Form the data above (table 4.1) we can compare the r result and r table to seek the validity, where one instrument of the questioner would valid if the r result greater than (>) 0, 3. from the table we can see there are some question in valid, such as: the service question number 4 and 5, where the r result 0, 2, enthusiasm question number 4 where the r result 0, 2, hospitality question number 4 where the r result 0, 1, and the new business development question number 7 where the r result 0,2. Based on result the question that in valid or below than the standardize value (0, 3), are recommended   to not used on the future research. From the valid questioners, the highest r result can we see on the question of hospitality where the value 0, 611 and the less r result we can see on the question of teaching where the value 0, 314. 

4.2.1.2. Reliability testing

After the question valid, the analysis continues to the reliability testing. This reliability testing is using to the valid questioners to measure the consistence of instrument if the instrument using as vehicle to measure object or respondent.  The objective to using reliability testing are to know the instrument that use accurate, stable, and consistence on expressing the phenomenon between a group of individual event though in the different time. The result of reliability testing expressing the accuracy, stability the instrument in means the instrument is the right vehicle.

To analyses the reliability, we can compare the r result with r table, where if the r result > r table, the questions are reliable. This research using “Cronbach’s Alpha” as r result value, Cronbach’s Alpha measured between the scales 0 until 1. The questions are reliable if the Cronbach’s Alpha greater than (>) 0, 6.

Table 4.5

Source: SPSS program

The table above is the result from the SPSS for reliability testing. As mention before this research using the Cronbach’s Alpha method, so from the table above to made decision the questions reliable or not, we compare the Cronbach’s Alpha (r result) with value 0, 6, as the table follow:

Table 4.6
Reliability Testing Result
Instrument	Cronbach’s Alpha	Critical value	Decision
I. SPIRITUAL VALUES
SERVICE	0,841	0,6	Reliable
TEACHING	0,85	0,6	Reliable
LEADING	0,835	0,6	Reliable
ENTHUSIASM	0,819	0,6	Reliable
HOPE	0,809	0,6	Reliable
HOSPITALITY	0,826	0,6	Reliable
II. CORECOMPETENCE	0,811	0,6	Reliable

Source: Primary data

Based on the table, we can see that the result of the instrument are reliable because all of the instrument spiritual values: service (0, 84), teaching (0, 85), leading (0, 83), enthusiasm (0, 81), hospitality (0, 82) and the core competence (0, 81) have Cronbach’s Alpha (r result) greater than (>) 0, 6. So all instrument in the questioners are reliable because it greater than 0, 6.

4.2.2. Hypothesis Test

In order to see and measure influence of spiritual values variables to core competencies, so the writer asks all of the responder to reply the questions related to variables above. Asked matter related to spirituality values factors: service, teaching, leading, enthusiasm, hope and hospitality and core competencies. After conducting a data processing with SPSS program, it is able to know the influence of each independent variable to dependent variable one by one.

Table 4.7

             

Source: SPSS program

4.2.2.1 Discussion and Testing of service Influence towards core competencies

Service Closely tuned to everyday needs of persons; desires to be helpful in specific, concrete ways; warm, caring, and loving; full of good deeds; levelheaded in crisis situations; low visibility; works in the background as a support and strength to more prominent leaders. After processed to program of SPSS, to see influence of independent variable to dependent variable can be seen at coefficients tables. That is previously specified the mistake level of this research is 5 % or α = 0.05, after seeing at tables of coefficients, we can found the value of personal factor at significant tables is equal to 0.61 this number means that there are influence between service with core competencies but the influence is not significant also said that there are other factors that influence the buying intention beside personal factor, because 0.061 is bigger than 0.05, beta is used to see relation of independent variables. The value of β is equal to 0.179 this shows that the service has a relation with core competencies.

4.2.2.2 Discussion and Testing of teaching Influence towards core competencies

Teaching are ways that nurture growth; capacity to analyze, explain, and interpret facts; levelheaded; ability to focus on problems and issues; willingness to “be an example” for others. Afterwards data processed to through SPSS program, to see the influence of teaching to core competencies or independent variable with dependent variable so it will be seen from coefficient tables, previously specified the mistake level of this research is 5 % or α = 0.05. After seen at coefficient tables, it is found the value of teaching at significant tables equal to 0.735 this number means that there is not significant influence between teaching with core competencies because 0.735 bigger than 0.05, the relation from both variable can be seen by using beta, β = 0.025 this shows that the teaching has a relation with core competencies but is not strong enough or there are other variables that influence the core competencies stronger than teaching factors do.

4.2.2.3 Discussion and Testing of leading Influence towards core competencies

Leading are Interested in organization and delegation; confident in “standing before” others; ability to see needs; hardworking; giving attention to detail; concerned about directions that are according to the purposes and the will of God. After processed to program of SPSS, to see influence of independent variable to dependent variable can be seen at coefficients tables. That is previously specified the mistake level of this research is 5 % or α = 0.05, After seen at coefficient tables, it is found the value of leading at significant tables equal to 0.002 this number means that there is a significant influence between social factor with buying decision because 0.002 smaller than 0.05, the relation from both variable can be seen by using beta, β = 0.345 this shows that the leading has a strong relation with core competencies that strong enough.

4.2.2.4 Discussion and Testing of enthusiasm Influence towards core competencies

Enthusiasm are highly motivated; ability to bring “sparkle” and excitement to a situation; unusual capacity to be caught up and absorbed in a task; intense and emotional; feeling of adventure about past, present, and future events. Afterwards data processed to through SPSS program, to see the influence of Enthusiasm to core competencies or independent variable with dependent variable so it will be seen from coefficient tables, previously specified the mistake level of this research is 5 % or α = 0.05. After seen at coefficient tables, it is found the value of psychological factor at significant tables equal to 0.098 this number means that there is not significant influence between enthusiasm with core competencies because 0.098 bigger than 0.05, the relation from both variable can be seen by using beta, β = 0.174 this shows that the enthusiasm has a relation with core competencies.

4.2.2.5 Discussion and Testing hope Influence towards core competencies

Hope are Sensitive and aware of spiritual concerns; optimistic about other persons’ motives and actions; not easily disappointed in person; ability to “bounce back” from “hard knocks”, strong in difficult situations; patient in time of trouble. After processed to program of SPSS, to see influence of independent variable to dependent variable can be seen at coefficients tables. That is previously specified the mistake level of this research is 5 % or α = 0.05, after seeing at tables of coefficients, we can found the value of hope at significant tables is equal to 0.000 this number means that there are influence between hope with core competencies the influence is significant that hope influence the core competencies, because 0.000 is smaller than 0.05, beta is used to see relation of independent variables. The value of β is equal to 0.449 this shows that the hope has a strong relation with core competencies.

4.2.2.6 Discussion and Testing of hospitality Influence towards core competencies

Hospitality  are Outgoing, informal, and friendly; a “welcoming” attitude to friends and strangers alike; ability to help others feel “at home” in all kinds of situations; desire to do things for others with no thought of return; willingness to be helpful without being asked. Afterwards data processed to through SPSS program, to see the influence of hospitality to buying intention or independent variable with dependent variable so it will be seen from coefficient tables, previously specified the mistake level of this research is 5 % or α = 0.05. After seen at coefficient tables, it is found the value of hospitality at significant tables equal to 0.972 this number means that there is not significant influence between hospitality with core competencies because 0.972 bigger than 0.05, the relation from both variable can be seen by using beta, β = 0.003 this shows that the hospitality has a relation with buying decision but is not strong enough or there are other variables that influence the core competencies stronger than hospitality.

4.2.2.7. Discussion and Testing of service, teaching, leading, enthusiasm, hope and hospitality towards core competencies at the Same Time

Table 4.8

Source: SPSS program

Influence from the six independent variables above concurrently to dependent variable (core competencies) can be seen at tables of ANOVA, mount mistake of this research is specified equal to 0.05 or 5%. So that can found the value from the six independent variables at tables of ANOVA is equal to 0.000, this indicate that there is a significant influence between six independent variable concurrently to dependent variable core competencies because 0.000 is smaller than 0.05, this made the spiritual values  have an effect to core competencies.

Table 4.9

Source: SPSS program

And to measure the six independent variables on explain the dependent variable it can be seen at tables of summary at column of R square. Result of SPSS shows number equal to 0.5533 or 55, 33% this means that the six independent variables (service, teaching, leading, enthusiasm, hope, hospitality) can explain the dependent variable (core competencies) equal to 55, 33%, while the rest 44, 67% in influencing are by other variables. For seeking the correlation between the six independent variable (service, teaching, leading, enthusiasm, hope, hospitality) with the independent variable (core competencies), we can see the R value that equal to 0, 74 4 that bigger than 0, 5 means the correlation between six independent variable with dependent variable strong.

4.2.3. Research result discussion

Based the research result, using the T-test the signification level can be seen on the variable hope (4, 39 > 1, 960) and leading (3, 107 > 1, 960), the other variables are not significant such as: service (1,895 < 1, 960), teaching (0, 34 < 1, 960), enthusiasm (1,669 < 1, 960) and hospitality (0, 035 < 1, 960). Means there is no significant correlation between spirituality values and core competencies and we accept the Ho assumption that service, leading, teaching, enthusiasm, hope, and hospitality are not dominant factor to influencing the core competencies. The most dominant variable that influencing the core competencies is hope, it because the spirituality are definite as an energy that inspires one toward certain ends or  purposes that go beyond self. The character of hope are Sensitive and aware of spiritual concerns, optimistic about other persons’ motives and actions, not easily disappointed in person, ability to “bounce back” from “hard knocks”, strong in difficult situations, patient in time of trouble. So hope made people have energy that focus on such transcendent needs and values are an important way to bring about the ethical decisions and outcomes that are desired in organizations. And based Kolodinsky, Giacalone and Jurkiewicz (2007) hope can be classified as one’s own spiritual ideals and values in the work setting that an individual brings to the workplace that related with workers relation and outcome.

The result also tell us that the six independent variables (service, teaching, leading, enthusiasm, hope, hospitality) can explain the dependent variable (core competencies) equal to 55, 33% and the other 44, 67% are influencing by other factor. The theories explain that, competencies are combination of tacit and explicit knowledge, behavior and skills that gives someone the potential for effectiveness in task performance and core competencies are reflected values that are principles to running organization and for developing the human resources. Competency will enable organizations to maximally human resources, and human resources where have experience, knowledge, and skill can be classified as core competencies and core capability. It means the spirituality values can be influencing on developing the core competencies because it have significant relation and influencing the human resources more than 50 % on this research result.

4.3. Implication of Research Result

Spirituality is more interesting topic to discuss for management in organization. Spirituality needed by people on the organization for free their expression of spirituality in the work place, and then spirituality growth by managers, executive and employee. The implementation of spirituality are challenge of balancing personal, subjective, and unconscious elements of individual experience with rationality, efficiency, and personal sacrifices demanded by organizations.

Based the survey and research the spirituality values can bring the company toward sustainability. In Indonesia there are several big companies that implemented the spiritual values on their company (called spiritual company) such as: PT. Astra Internasional Tbk., PT. Bintang Toedjoe, PT. General Electric Indonesia, PT. Inter Nusa Hasta Buana, PT. Medco Energi Internasional Tbk., PT. EL Nusa, PT. Garudafood, PT. Unilever Indonesia, Grup Takaful Indonesia, and PT. Excelcomindo Pratama, and soon, they argue that the implementations lead their company to sustainability. The sustainability needed by company because the environment is changing rapidly and radically, the changing environment both of external and internal influencing the company decision and they ability to adapting with environment, spirituality values as one of the internal environment because spirituality values implemented on the human resources on the company and it support the company to challenge the turbulences. It means the spirituality values bring energy to the company to beat the turbulences, the implementation spirituality values on the company can be classified as company core competencies, where the core competencies bring the sustainability to the company.

The SWA survey on March 2007, indicated that all the big company that implemented the spirituality value come to sustainable, this research not research the big company but the small business firm to examine the spirituality values implementation on the small business firm as core competencies that would bring the small business firm toward sustainability.

The research result indicate that the implementation spirituality values at small business firm have strong correlation, means the implementation of spirituality values at the small business firms influencing the core competencies on the small business firms. And based on the ANOVA testing the spirituality values contribute about 55, 33% on building the core competencies. This research also indicate that hope are the most influencing variable on core competencies then leading, service, enthusiasm, teaching and hospitality.